Kidney Stones

Overview

Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys when certain substances in the urine—such as calcium, oxalate, or uric acid—become concentrated and crystallize.
Symptoms

Severe pain in the side or lower back (renal colic)

Pain radiating to the lower abdomen or groin
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
Nausea or vomiting
Painful or frequent urination
Causes
Dehydration or low fluid intake
Diet high in salt or animal protein
Family history of kidney stones
Obesity and metabolic conditions
Recurrent urinary tract infections
Medical Treatment
Small stones often pass spontaneously with hydration and pain control. Alpha-blockers may help relax the ureter to facilitate stone passage.
When Surgery is Needed
Stones larger than 10 mm that do not pass
Stones causing obstruction or infection
Persistent severe pain
Surgical options include ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy, shock wave lithotripsy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).